Corrections & Retractions

The Proceedings of Science and Nature Research is committed to maintaining the accuracy, completeness, and integrity of its published record, and follows COPE's guidance on retractions and corrections.

Corrections / Erratum

Where an honest error by the authors, or a production error by the journal, is identified after publication that does not affect the overall interpretation of the data or the validity of the conclusions, the journal will publish a correction (erratum) linked to the original article. The original article remains available, along with a clear notice of the correction.

Retractions

An article will be considered for retraction where there is clear evidence that its findings are unreliable, due to research or publication misconduct (e.g., data fabrication or falsification, plagiarism, or undisclosed redundant publication) or honest error, or where the content is unethical or infringes third-party rights. A formal retraction notice will be published, linked to the original article, explaining the reason for retraction. The original article is retained (marked as "Retracted") rather than removed from the published record.

Expressions of Concern

Where an issue with a published article is under investigation but cannot yet be resolved (for example, pending a response from an author's institution), the journal may publish an Expression of Concern pending the outcome of that investigation.

Crossmark

All corrections, retractions, and expressions of concern are reflected in the article's Crossmark status, allowing readers to verify they are viewing the current, authoritative version of the record. See the journal's Copyright Policy for more on Crossmark.